A. Aslund and M. McFaul, 2006. “Perspectives on the Orange Revolution,” In: A. Aslund and M. McFaul (editors). Revolution in orange: The origins of Ukraine’s democratic breakthrough. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 1–8.
S. Bandera, 2006. “The role of the Internet and Ukraine’s 2004 Presidential elections,” Report, Development Associates (July).
E. Barry, 2009. “Protests in Moldova explode, with help of Twitter,” New York Times (8 April), at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/08/world/europe/08moldova.html.
M. Beissinger, 2002. Nationalist mobilization and the collapse of the Soviet state: A tidal approach to the study of nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
M. Beissinger, 1998. “Event analysis in transitional societies: Protest mobilization in the former Soviet Union,” In: Dieter Rucht, Ruud Koopmans and Friedhelm Neidhardt (editors). Acts of dissent: The study of protest in contemporary democracies. Berlin: Sigma, pp. 284–316.
R. Ben–David and R. Geizhals, 2009. “Is JPost behind the ‘Iranian Twitter Revolution’?” Jerusalem Post (17 June), at http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=145850.
L. Bilaniuk, 2005. “The languages of Ukraine’s Orange Revolution,” REECAS Newsletter, Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington (Spring), pp. 1–4, and at http://jsis.washington.edu/ellison/newsletters/spring05/REECAS.spring05.pdf.
V. Borovyk, 2006. Pora peremahaty (in Ukrainian). Kharkiv: Folio.
A. Bright, 2009. “Iranian media crackdown prompts Tweets and blogs,” Christian Science Monitor (15 June), at http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0615/p99s01-duts.html.
A. Bright, 2007. “Estonia accuses Russia of ‘cyberattack’,” Christian Science Monitor (17 May).
C. Burwell and M. Boler, 2008. “Calling on the Colbert Nation: Fandom, politics and parody in an age of media convergence,” Electronic Journal of Communication, volume 18, number 2, at http://www.cios.org./getfile/01845_EJC.
O. Bychkova and E. Osetinskaia, 2009. “Osobennosti natsional’nogo interneta” (“Peculiarities of the national Internet,” in Russian). Moscow Echo radio station (15 October), at http://echo.msk.ru/programs/dozor/626945-echo.phtml.
M. Castells, 2009. Communication power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
M. Castells, 2007. “Communication, power and counter–power in the network society,” International Journal of Communication, volume 1, pp. 238–266.
P. Demes and J. Forbrig, 2006. “Pora — ‘It’s time’ for democracy in Ukraine,” In: A. Aslund and M. McFaul (editors). Revolution in orange: The origins of Ukraine’s democratic breakthrough. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 85–101.
L. Dube and G. Pare, 2003. “Rigor in information systems positivist case research: Current practices, trends, and recommendations,” MIS Quarterly, volume 27, number 4, pp. 597–635.
M. Dyczok, 2006. “Was Kuchma’s censorship effective? Mass media in Ukraine before 2004,” Europe–Asia Studies, volume 58, number 2, pp. 215–238.
K. Eisenhardt, 1989. “Building theories from case study research,” Academy of Management Review, volume 14, number 4, pp. 532–550.
B. Flyvbjerg, 2006. “Five misunderstandings about case–study research,” Qualitative Inquiry, volume 12, number 2, pp. 219–245.
Freedom House, 2004. “Under assault: Ukraine’s news media and the 2004 presidential elections,” at http://freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/17.pdf.
G. Friedman, 2009. “Russia, Ahmadinejad and Iran reconsidered,” STRATFOR Global Intelligence (20 July), at http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090720_russia_ahmadinejad_and_iran_reconsidered.
T. Friedman, 2009. “Winds of change?” New York Times (13 June), at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/14/opinion/14friedman.html.
C. Fuchs, 2008. Internet and society: Social theory in the information age. New York: Routledge.
A. George and A. Bennett, 2005. Case studies and theory development in the social sciences. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
J. Gerring, 2007. Case study research: Principles and practices. New York: Cambridge University Press.
B. Glaser and A. Strauss, 1967. Discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine.
J. Goldstein, 2007. “The role of digital networked technologies in the Ukrainian Orange Revolution,” Working paper, Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School, Research Publication, number 2007–14 (20 December), at http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/Goldstein_Ukraine_2007.pdf.
D. Gross, 2009a. “Iranians dodging government’s Internet crackdown,” CNN (18 June), at http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/06/18/iran.dodging.crackdown/.
D. Gross, 2009b. “In Iran protest online world is watching, acting,” CNN (19 June), at http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/06/19/iran.internet.protests/.
P. Howard, 2006. New media campaigns and the managed citizen. New York: Cambridge University Press.
A. Karatnycky, 2005. “Ukraine’s Orange Revolution,” Foreign Affairs, volume 84, number 2, pp. 35–52.
V. Kaskiv, I. Chupryna, and Y. Zolotariov, 2007. “It’s time! Pora and the Orange Revolution in Ukraine,” In: Joerg Forbrig and Pavol Demes (editors). Reclaiming democracy: Civil society and electoral change in Central and Eastern Europe. New York: German Marshall Fund of the United States, pp. 127–151.
E. Katz and P. Lazarsfeld, 2005. Personal influence: The part played by people in the flow of mass communication. Second edition. Piscataway, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
C. Kedzie with J. Aragon, 2002. “Coincident revolutions and the dictator’s dilemma: Thoughts on communication and democratization,” In: J. Allison (editor). Technology, development, and democracy. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 105–130.
A. Kolesnikov, 2005. Pervyi Ukrainskii: Zapiski s peredovoi (in Russian). Moscow: Vagrius.
Korrespondent, 2006. “Inscriptions about Yanukovych are wiped out at the center of Kyiv” (in Russian). Korrespondent (9 October), at http://korrespondent.net/kyiv/166558/print.
N. Krasnoboka, 2002. “Real journalism goes underground: The Internet underground: The phenomenon of online media in the former Soviet Union republics,” Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies, volume 64, number 5, pp. 479–499.
N. Krasnoboka and H. Semetko, 2006. “Murder, journalism and the Web: How the Gongadze case launched the Internet news era in Ukraine,” In: S. Oates, D. Owen, and R. Gibson (editors). The Internet and politics: Citizens, voters and activists. London: Routledge, pp. 183–206.
I. Krastev, 2006. “Democracy’s ‘doubles’,” Journal of Democracy, volume 17, number 2, pp. 52–62.
S. Kulikova, 2008. “New media in new democracies: Perceptions of good governance among traditional and Internet–based media users in Kyrgyzstan,” Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University.
T. Kuzio, 2006. “Everyday Ukrainians and the Orange Revolution,” In: A. Aslund and M. McFaul (editors). Revolution in orange: The origins of Ukraine’s democratic breakthrough. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 45–68.
T. Kuzio, 2005. “Ukraine’s Orange Revolution: Causes and consequences,” Maria Palij Memorial Fund Annual Lecture (28 April), at http://www.ukrainianstudies.uottawa.ca/ukraine_list/ukl346_13.html.
T. Kuzio, 2004. “International community denounces mass election fraud in Ukraine as CIS upholds official results,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, volume 1, number 134 (23 November), at http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=27188.
T. Kuzio, 2002. “The Internet: Ukraine’s new samizdat,” RFE/RL Media Matters, volume 2, number 1 (4 January), at http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/1343775.html.
M. Kyj, 2006. “Internet use in Ukraine’s Orange Revolution,” Business Horizons, volume 49, number 1, pp. 71–80.
E. Labott, 2009. “Officials: Social networking providing crucial info from Iran,” CNN (16 June), at http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/06/16/iran.twitter.facebook/index.html#cnnSTCText.
A. Lee and R. Baskerville, 2003. “Generalizing generalizability in information systems research,” Information Systems Research, volume 14, number 3, pp. 221–243.
O. Ligostova, 2005. “CEC: Viktor Yushchenko — the winner of the Presidential elections” (in Ukrainian), Voice of America (11 January), at http://www.voanews.com/ukrainian/archive/2005-01/a-2005-01-11-1-1.cfm?moddate=2005-01-11.
V. Lysenko and K. Desouza, 2010. “Cyberprotest in contemporary Russia: Cases of Ingushetiya.ru and Bakhmina.ru,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, volume 77, number 7, pp. 1,179–1,193.
M. McFaul, 2006. “The Orange Revolution in a comparative perspective,” In: A. Aslund and M. McFaul (editors). Revolution in orange: The origins of Ukraine’s democratic breakthrough. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 165–195.
W. McLaughlin, 2003. “The use of the Internet for political action by non–state dissident actors in the Middle East,” First Monday, volume 8, number 11, at http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1096/1016.
Organization for Security and Co–operation in Europe (OSCE), 2004. “Presidential election, Ukraine — 21 November 2004: International Election Observation Mission: Statement of preliminary findings and conclusions,” at http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2004/11/3811_en.pdf.
J. Palfrey, B. Etling, and R. Faris, 2009. “Reading Twitter in Tehran?” Washington Post (21 June), at http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/5456.
O. Pavlov, M. Radzicki, and K. Saeed, 2005. “Stability in a superpower dominated global economic system,” Journal of Economic Issues, volume 39, number 2, pp. 491–500.
B. Pentland, 1999. “Building process theory with narrative: From description to explanation,” Academy of Management Review, volume 24, number 4, pp. 711–724.
Privacy International, 2003. “Silenced — Ukraine” (21 September), at http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd[347]=x-347-103789.
O. Prytula, 2006. “The Ukrainian Media Rebellion,” In: A. Aslund and M. McFaul (editors). Revolution in orange: The origins of Ukraine’s democratic breakthrough. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 103–124.
RFE/RL, 2009. “Victor Shenderovich talks with Dmitry Oreshkin” (in Russian), Radio Liberty (22 November), at http://origin.svobodanews.ru/articleprintview/1888934.html.
H. Semetko and N. Krasnoboka, 2003. “The political role of the Internet in societies in transition: Russia and Ukraine compared,” Party Politics, volume 9, number 1, pp. 77–104.
N. Shah and S. Abraham, 2009. “Digital natives with a cause? Hivos Knowledge Programme Report,” at http://cis-india.org/research/dn/uploads/dnrep1.
C. Shirky, 2008. Here comes everybody: The power of organizing without organizations. New York: Penguin Press.
M. Slaboshpytskyi, 2005. Peizazh dlia Pomaranchevoi Revoliutsii: Khronika–kolazh (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Iaroslaviv Val.
J. Sterman, 2000. Business dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. Boston: Irwin/McGraw–Hill.
A. Strauss, 1987. Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
V. Subrahmanian and J. Dickerson, 2009. “What can virtual worlds and games do for national security?” Science, volume 326, number 5,957 (27 November), pp. 1,201-1,202, and at http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/326/5957/1201.
I. Thomson, 2008. “Georgia gets allies in Russian cyberwar: Estonia and Poland offer assistance,” vnunet.com (12 August), at http://www.vnunet.com/articles/print/2223776.
Y. Tu, 2000. “How robust is the Internet?” Nature, volume 406, number 6,794 (27 July), pp. 353–354.
P. Turgut, 2009. “Communists defeated in Moldova election” Time (31 July), at http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1914010,00.html.
M. Vasyl, 2000. “Interview with Olena Prytula” (in Russian). Fakty i kommentarii (29 December), at http://www.facts.kiev.ua/archive/2000-12-20/51775/index.html.
D. Weir, 2009. “Foreign media banned in Iran so Twitter and YouTube rock on,” BNET Media (16 June), at http://industry.bnet.com/media/10002730/foreign-media-banned-in-iran-so-twitter-and-youtube-rock-on.
World Bank Institute, 2002. “Investigating corruption in Ukraine: A case study of Internet journalist Georgy Gongadze,” at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWBIGOVANTCOR/Resources/gongadze1.pdf.
R. Yin, 2009. Case study research: Design and methods. Fourth edition. Los Angeles, Calif.: Sage.
S. Bandera, 2006. “The role of the Internet and Ukraine’s 2004 Presidential elections,” Report, Development Associates (July).
E. Barry, 2009. “Protests in Moldova explode, with help of Twitter,” New York Times (8 April), at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/08/world/europe/08moldova.html.
M. Beissinger, 2002. Nationalist mobilization and the collapse of the Soviet state: A tidal approach to the study of nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
M. Beissinger, 1998. “Event analysis in transitional societies: Protest mobilization in the former Soviet Union,” In: Dieter Rucht, Ruud Koopmans and Friedhelm Neidhardt (editors). Acts of dissent: The study of protest in contemporary democracies. Berlin: Sigma, pp. 284–316.
R. Ben–David and R. Geizhals, 2009. “Is JPost behind the ‘Iranian Twitter Revolution’?” Jerusalem Post (17 June), at http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=145850.
L. Bilaniuk, 2005. “The languages of Ukraine’s Orange Revolution,” REECAS Newsletter, Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington (Spring), pp. 1–4, and at http://jsis.washington.edu/ellison/newsletters/spring05/REECAS.spring05.pdf.
V. Borovyk, 2006. Pora peremahaty (in Ukrainian). Kharkiv: Folio.
A. Bright, 2009. “Iranian media crackdown prompts Tweets and blogs,” Christian Science Monitor (15 June), at http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0615/p99s01-duts.html.
A. Bright, 2007. “Estonia accuses Russia of ‘cyberattack’,” Christian Science Monitor (17 May).
C. Burwell and M. Boler, 2008. “Calling on the Colbert Nation: Fandom, politics and parody in an age of media convergence,” Electronic Journal of Communication, volume 18, number 2, at http://www.cios.org./getfile/01845_EJC.
O. Bychkova and E. Osetinskaia, 2009. “Osobennosti natsional’nogo interneta” (“Peculiarities of the national Internet,” in Russian). Moscow Echo radio station (15 October), at http://echo.msk.ru/programs/dozor/626945-echo.phtml.
M. Castells, 2009. Communication power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
M. Castells, 2007. “Communication, power and counter–power in the network society,” International Journal of Communication, volume 1, pp. 238–266.
P. Demes and J. Forbrig, 2006. “Pora — ‘It’s time’ for democracy in Ukraine,” In: A. Aslund and M. McFaul (editors). Revolution in orange: The origins of Ukraine’s democratic breakthrough. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 85–101.
L. Dube and G. Pare, 2003. “Rigor in information systems positivist case research: Current practices, trends, and recommendations,” MIS Quarterly, volume 27, number 4, pp. 597–635.
M. Dyczok, 2006. “Was Kuchma’s censorship effective? Mass media in Ukraine before 2004,” Europe–Asia Studies, volume 58, number 2, pp. 215–238.
K. Eisenhardt, 1989. “Building theories from case study research,” Academy of Management Review, volume 14, number 4, pp. 532–550.
B. Flyvbjerg, 2006. “Five misunderstandings about case–study research,” Qualitative Inquiry, volume 12, number 2, pp. 219–245.
Freedom House, 2004. “Under assault: Ukraine’s news media and the 2004 presidential elections,” at http://freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/17.pdf.
G. Friedman, 2009. “Russia, Ahmadinejad and Iran reconsidered,” STRATFOR Global Intelligence (20 July), at http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090720_russia_ahmadinejad_and_iran_reconsidered.
T. Friedman, 2009. “Winds of change?” New York Times (13 June), at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/14/opinion/14friedman.html.
C. Fuchs, 2008. Internet and society: Social theory in the information age. New York: Routledge.
A. George and A. Bennett, 2005. Case studies and theory development in the social sciences. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
J. Gerring, 2007. Case study research: Principles and practices. New York: Cambridge University Press.
B. Glaser and A. Strauss, 1967. Discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine.
J. Goldstein, 2007. “The role of digital networked technologies in the Ukrainian Orange Revolution,” Working paper, Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School, Research Publication, number 2007–14 (20 December), at http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/Goldstein_Ukraine_2007.pdf.
D. Gross, 2009a. “Iranians dodging government’s Internet crackdown,” CNN (18 June), at http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/06/18/iran.dodging.crackdown/.
D. Gross, 2009b. “In Iran protest online world is watching, acting,” CNN (19 June), at http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/06/19/iran.internet.protests/.
P. Howard, 2006. New media campaigns and the managed citizen. New York: Cambridge University Press.
A. Karatnycky, 2005. “Ukraine’s Orange Revolution,” Foreign Affairs, volume 84, number 2, pp. 35–52.
V. Kaskiv, I. Chupryna, and Y. Zolotariov, 2007. “It’s time! Pora and the Orange Revolution in Ukraine,” In: Joerg Forbrig and Pavol Demes (editors). Reclaiming democracy: Civil society and electoral change in Central and Eastern Europe. New York: German Marshall Fund of the United States, pp. 127–151.
E. Katz and P. Lazarsfeld, 2005. Personal influence: The part played by people in the flow of mass communication. Second edition. Piscataway, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
C. Kedzie with J. Aragon, 2002. “Coincident revolutions and the dictator’s dilemma: Thoughts on communication and democratization,” In: J. Allison (editor). Technology, development, and democracy. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 105–130.
A. Kolesnikov, 2005. Pervyi Ukrainskii: Zapiski s peredovoi (in Russian). Moscow: Vagrius.
Korrespondent, 2006. “Inscriptions about Yanukovych are wiped out at the center of Kyiv” (in Russian). Korrespondent (9 October), at http://korrespondent.net/kyiv/166558/print.
N. Krasnoboka, 2002. “Real journalism goes underground: The Internet underground: The phenomenon of online media in the former Soviet Union republics,” Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies, volume 64, number 5, pp. 479–499.
N. Krasnoboka and H. Semetko, 2006. “Murder, journalism and the Web: How the Gongadze case launched the Internet news era in Ukraine,” In: S. Oates, D. Owen, and R. Gibson (editors). The Internet and politics: Citizens, voters and activists. London: Routledge, pp. 183–206.
I. Krastev, 2006. “Democracy’s ‘doubles’,” Journal of Democracy, volume 17, number 2, pp. 52–62.
S. Kulikova, 2008. “New media in new democracies: Perceptions of good governance among traditional and Internet–based media users in Kyrgyzstan,” Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University.
T. Kuzio, 2006. “Everyday Ukrainians and the Orange Revolution,” In: A. Aslund and M. McFaul (editors). Revolution in orange: The origins of Ukraine’s democratic breakthrough. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 45–68.
T. Kuzio, 2005. “Ukraine’s Orange Revolution: Causes and consequences,” Maria Palij Memorial Fund Annual Lecture (28 April), at http://www.ukrainianstudies.uottawa.ca/ukraine_list/ukl346_13.html.
T. Kuzio, 2004. “International community denounces mass election fraud in Ukraine as CIS upholds official results,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, volume 1, number 134 (23 November), at http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=27188.
T. Kuzio, 2002. “The Internet: Ukraine’s new samizdat,” RFE/RL Media Matters, volume 2, number 1 (4 January), at http://www.rferl.org/articleprintview/1343775.html.
M. Kyj, 2006. “Internet use in Ukraine’s Orange Revolution,” Business Horizons, volume 49, number 1, pp. 71–80.
E. Labott, 2009. “Officials: Social networking providing crucial info from Iran,” CNN (16 June), at http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/06/16/iran.twitter.facebook/index.html#cnnSTCText.
A. Lee and R. Baskerville, 2003. “Generalizing generalizability in information systems research,” Information Systems Research, volume 14, number 3, pp. 221–243.
O. Ligostova, 2005. “CEC: Viktor Yushchenko — the winner of the Presidential elections” (in Ukrainian), Voice of America (11 January), at http://www.voanews.com/ukrainian/archive/2005-01/a-2005-01-11-1-1.cfm?moddate=2005-01-11.
V. Lysenko and K. Desouza, 2010. “Cyberprotest in contemporary Russia: Cases of Ingushetiya.ru and Bakhmina.ru,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, volume 77, number 7, pp. 1,179–1,193.
M. McFaul, 2006. “The Orange Revolution in a comparative perspective,” In: A. Aslund and M. McFaul (editors). Revolution in orange: The origins of Ukraine’s democratic breakthrough. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 165–195.
W. McLaughlin, 2003. “The use of the Internet for political action by non–state dissident actors in the Middle East,” First Monday, volume 8, number 11, at http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1096/1016.
Organization for Security and Co–operation in Europe (OSCE), 2004. “Presidential election, Ukraine — 21 November 2004: International Election Observation Mission: Statement of preliminary findings and conclusions,” at http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2004/11/3811_en.pdf.
J. Palfrey, B. Etling, and R. Faris, 2009. “Reading Twitter in Tehran?” Washington Post (21 June), at http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/5456.
O. Pavlov, M. Radzicki, and K. Saeed, 2005. “Stability in a superpower dominated global economic system,” Journal of Economic Issues, volume 39, number 2, pp. 491–500.
B. Pentland, 1999. “Building process theory with narrative: From description to explanation,” Academy of Management Review, volume 24, number 4, pp. 711–724.
Privacy International, 2003. “Silenced — Ukraine” (21 September), at http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd[347]=x-347-103789.
O. Prytula, 2006. “The Ukrainian Media Rebellion,” In: A. Aslund and M. McFaul (editors). Revolution in orange: The origins of Ukraine’s democratic breakthrough. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 103–124.
RFE/RL, 2009. “Victor Shenderovich talks with Dmitry Oreshkin” (in Russian), Radio Liberty (22 November), at http://origin.svobodanews.ru/articleprintview/1888934.html.
H. Semetko and N. Krasnoboka, 2003. “The political role of the Internet in societies in transition: Russia and Ukraine compared,” Party Politics, volume 9, number 1, pp. 77–104.
N. Shah and S. Abraham, 2009. “Digital natives with a cause? Hivos Knowledge Programme Report,” at http://cis-india.org/research/dn/uploads/dnrep1.
C. Shirky, 2008. Here comes everybody: The power of organizing without organizations. New York: Penguin Press.
M. Slaboshpytskyi, 2005. Peizazh dlia Pomaranchevoi Revoliutsii: Khronika–kolazh (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Iaroslaviv Val.
J. Sterman, 2000. Business dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. Boston: Irwin/McGraw–Hill.
A. Strauss, 1987. Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
V. Subrahmanian and J. Dickerson, 2009. “What can virtual worlds and games do for national security?” Science, volume 326, number 5,957 (27 November), pp. 1,201-1,202, and at http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/326/5957/1201.
I. Thomson, 2008. “Georgia gets allies in Russian cyberwar: Estonia and Poland offer assistance,” vnunet.com (12 August), at http://www.vnunet.com/articles/print/2223776.
Y. Tu, 2000. “How robust is the Internet?” Nature, volume 406, number 6,794 (27 July), pp. 353–354.
P. Turgut, 2009. “Communists defeated in Moldova election” Time (31 July), at http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1914010,00.html.
M. Vasyl, 2000. “Interview with Olena Prytula” (in Russian). Fakty i kommentarii (29 December), at http://www.facts.kiev.ua/archive/2000-12-20/51775/index.html.
D. Weir, 2009. “Foreign media banned in Iran so Twitter and YouTube rock on,” BNET Media (16 June), at http://industry.bnet.com/media/10002730/foreign-media-banned-in-iran-so-twitter-and-youtube-rock-on.
World Bank Institute, 2002. “Investigating corruption in Ukraine: A case study of Internet journalist Georgy Gongadze,” at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWBIGOVANTCOR/Resources/gongadze1.pdf.
R. Yin, 2009. Case study research: Design and methods. Fourth edition. Los Angeles, Calif.: Sage.
| Appendix: Examples of some of the Orange Revolution case processes dynamics. Note: * Approximate numbers; see the above case for details. | ||||||||
| December 1999 — mid–September 2000 | Mid–September 2000 — December 2000 | December 2000 — March 2002 | March 2002 — October 2004 | October 2004 — 21 November 2004 | 22 November 2004 — 26 December 2004 | 27 December 2004 — 23 January 2005 | ||
| 1 | Internet penetration* | Less than 1 percent | 1–2 percent | Jumped by about 50 percent | Growth from 3 to 6 percent | Rise from 6 to 8 percent | Rise from 8 to 12 percent | About 11–12 percent |
| 2 | Internet–based election monitoring system | Absent | Absent | Absent | Under development: pilot testing during the first round election | First stage developed: active use during the second round election | Second stage added: the full–blown system use during the third round election | The system’s data are used for the solution of the post–election discussions |
| 3 | Internet–facilitated dissenters’ movement structure | Rather loose connections between separate organizations | Maidan cyberprotest community’s fast development | Maidan cyberprotest community’s steady development | Pora’s Internet–supported mirrored horizontal structures development, close cooperation with Maidan | Poras and Maidan structures’ Internet–facilitated active preparation for the second round | Active Internet–supported participation in street protests | Partial transformation into political parties with an active Internet presence |
| 4 | Online–based political dissent humor/satire | Absent | Absent | Absent | In development, especially rapid beginning July 2004 | Active use before the second round | Active use during the protests | Steady reduction after the third round |
| 5 | Internet–based information wars | Weak | Active | Weak | Developing from weak to active | Very active | Very active | Weak |
| 6 | Cyberwars | Absent | Absent | Absent | Developing to active phase by September 2004 | Active phase | Steadily decreasing manifestations | Absent |
| 7 | Authorities’ control over TV | Almost complete | Almost complete | Almost complete | Almost complete, except for Channel 5 | Almost complete, except for Channel 5 | Rapid loss of control | Almost no control |
| 8 | Authorities’ attitude towards the Internet | Neglectful | Neglectful | Neglectful | Weak attempts to build some Internet presence | Late attempts to build some Internet presence | Weak and diminishing attempts to maintain some Internet presence | Practically complete absence |
| 9 | Internet–based anti–dissenters activity of foreign entities supporting authorities | Low | Medium | Medium | Developing from medium to high | High | Reducing from high to medium | Medium |
| 10 | Overall dissenters’ use of the Internet | Developing | Local peak | Slowly developing further | Steadily developing to high by September | Very high | Very high | Decreasing to moderate |
| 11 | Internet–based activity of foreign entities supporting dissenters | Medium | High | Medium | Medium | High | Very high | High |
| 12 | Internet–supported cell phone use by dissenters | Absent | Absent | Absent | Developing to high by summer 2004 | Very high | Very high | Decreasing |
