1. For the purposes of this paper we will use the term information and communication technologies (ICTs) to signify technology solutions and platforms that are deployed over the Internet. Today, with the advancement in Web 2.0 information and communication technologies we have begun to witness sophisticated user–driven and bottom–up emergent communication technologies that enable social networking, virtual coordination and collaboration, and information sharing.
2. Castells, 2009, pp. 364–412.
3. Castells, 2009, p. 364.
4. Lee and Baskerville, 2003, p. 237.
5. Dube and Pare, 2003, p. 605.
6. Krasnoboka and Semetko, 2006, p. 202.
7. Krasnoboka, 2002, p. 485.
8. Ibid.
9. Prytula, 2006, p. 117.
10. Aslund and McFaul, 2006, p. 5.
11. The head, apparently, was found only in July 2009; see, e.g., http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=8192395.
12. Krasnoboka and Semetko, 2006, p. 190.
13. McFaul, 2006, p. 178.
14. Kuzio, 2006, p. 57.
15. Semetko and Krasnoboka, 2003, p. 91.
16. Semetko and Krasnoboka, 2003, pp. 94–95.
17. Prytula, 2006, p. 110.
18. Kyj, 2006, p. 75.
19. Bandera, 2006, p. 23.
20. Bandera, 2006, p. 26.
21. ‘Blokuvannia saitu anekdotiv pro Yanukovycha — krok do lukashenkizatsiyi’, Oleksiy Samorukov for Ukrainska Pravda (13 October 2004), retrieved from http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/10/13/3003174/view_print/.
22. McFaul, 2006, p. 178.
23. Demes and Forbrig, 2006, pp. 86–88.
24. Kaskiv, et al., 2007, p. 136.
25. Bandera, 2006, p. 32.
26. Goldstein, 2007, p. 16.
27. Kuzio, 2006, p. 68.
28. Bandera, 2006, p. 37.
29. Kyj (2006) call the protesters “partisan warriors.”
30. Bandera, 2006, pp. 10–11.
31. Kyj, 2006, p. 74.
32. Bandera, 2006, p. 61.
33. Bandera, 2006, p. 11.
34. McFaul, 2006, p. 178.
35. Prytula, 2006, p. 110.
36. Prytula, 2006, p. 111.
37. Kyj, 2006, p. 73.
38. Prytula, 2006, p. 109.
39. Ibid.
40. Kyj, 2006, p. 77.
41. Kuzio, 2006, p. 58.
42. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFAt-43woGQ.
43. Kuzio, 2006, p. 58.
44. Bandera, 2006, pp. 25–26.
45. See http://eggs.net.ua/files/_News_File_show_file_1.swf.
46. Bandera, 2006, p. 46.
47. Krastev, 2006, p. 55.
48. Bandera, 2006, pp. 53, 54.
49. Bandera, 2006, p. 47.
50. Bandera, 2006, pp. 62, 67.
51. More information about the UKL is available at http://www.ukrainianstudies.uottawa.ca/orange.html.
52. See more at http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2004/12/12/yushchenko041212.html.
53. Bandera, 2006, p. 66.
54. Ibid.
55. Bandera, 2006, p. 71.
56. Bandera, 2006, p. 75.
57. The transcript is available at http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Ukraineomni/jtefft.htm.
58. Ibid.
59. Bandera, 2006, p. 76.
60. See http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm.
61. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79wVbl3JSns.
62. See http://i.i.ua/photo/images/pic/7/5/2363057_a8d8e5e5.jpg.
63. There is also an opinion that the efficiency with which Ahmadinejad shut down cell phone and other communications during the Iran post–election unrest could be explained by his Russian advisers; see G. Friedman (2009).
64. Castells, 2007, p. 241.
65. Kedzie, with Aragon, 2002, p. 105.
66. Krasnoboka and Semetko, 2006, p. 203.
2. Castells, 2009, pp. 364–412.
3. Castells, 2009, p. 364.
4. Lee and Baskerville, 2003, p. 237.
5. Dube and Pare, 2003, p. 605.
6. Krasnoboka and Semetko, 2006, p. 202.
7. Krasnoboka, 2002, p. 485.
8. Ibid.
9. Prytula, 2006, p. 117.
10. Aslund and McFaul, 2006, p. 5.
11. The head, apparently, was found only in July 2009; see, e.g., http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=8192395.
12. Krasnoboka and Semetko, 2006, p. 190.
13. McFaul, 2006, p. 178.
14. Kuzio, 2006, p. 57.
15. Semetko and Krasnoboka, 2003, p. 91.
16. Semetko and Krasnoboka, 2003, pp. 94–95.
17. Prytula, 2006, p. 110.
18. Kyj, 2006, p. 75.
19. Bandera, 2006, p. 23.
20. Bandera, 2006, p. 26.
21. ‘Blokuvannia saitu anekdotiv pro Yanukovycha — krok do lukashenkizatsiyi’, Oleksiy Samorukov for Ukrainska Pravda (13 October 2004), retrieved from http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/10/13/3003174/view_print/.
22. McFaul, 2006, p. 178.
23. Demes and Forbrig, 2006, pp. 86–88.
24. Kaskiv, et al., 2007, p. 136.
25. Bandera, 2006, p. 32.
26. Goldstein, 2007, p. 16.
27. Kuzio, 2006, p. 68.
28. Bandera, 2006, p. 37.
29. Kyj (2006) call the protesters “partisan warriors.”
30. Bandera, 2006, pp. 10–11.
31. Kyj, 2006, p. 74.
32. Bandera, 2006, p. 61.
33. Bandera, 2006, p. 11.
34. McFaul, 2006, p. 178.
35. Prytula, 2006, p. 110.
36. Prytula, 2006, p. 111.
37. Kyj, 2006, p. 73.
38. Prytula, 2006, p. 109.
39. Ibid.
40. Kyj, 2006, p. 77.
41. Kuzio, 2006, p. 58.
42. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFAt-43woGQ.
43. Kuzio, 2006, p. 58.
44. Bandera, 2006, pp. 25–26.
45. See http://eggs.net.ua/files/_News_File_show_file_1.swf.
46. Bandera, 2006, p. 46.
47. Krastev, 2006, p. 55.
48. Bandera, 2006, pp. 53, 54.
49. Bandera, 2006, p. 47.
50. Bandera, 2006, pp. 62, 67.
51. More information about the UKL is available at http://www.ukrainianstudies.uottawa.ca/orange.html.
52. See more at http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2004/12/12/yushchenko041212.html.
53. Bandera, 2006, p. 66.
54. Ibid.
55. Bandera, 2006, p. 71.
56. Bandera, 2006, p. 75.
57. The transcript is available at http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Ukraineomni/jtefft.htm.
58. Ibid.
59. Bandera, 2006, p. 76.
60. See http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm.
61. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79wVbl3JSns.
62. See http://i.i.ua/photo/images/pic/7/5/2363057_a8d8e5e5.jpg.
63. There is also an opinion that the efficiency with which Ahmadinejad shut down cell phone and other communications during the Iran post–election unrest could be explained by his Russian advisers; see G. Friedman (2009).
64. Castells, 2007, p. 241.
65. Kedzie, with Aragon, 2002, p. 105.
66. Krasnoboka and Semetko, 2006, p. 203.
